Decoding muscle dynamics reveals how interactions across the neuromotor pathway produce movement, where control breaks down, and how rehabilitation and assistive technologies can restore it.

Postdoctoral Researcher · NIH Clinical Center · NeuroRobotics Research Group

Muscle mechanics Closed-loop rehabilitation Bionic control Motor control science

Neuromotor Pathway

The research program treats movement as an integrated loop spanning neural command, muscle activation and deformation, joint motion, sensory feedback, and interaction with assistive technologies. By measuring and perturbing multiple points across this pathway, the goal is to determine how these components couple to produce movement, how those relationships break down in neuromotor disorders, and how rehabilitation can restore them.

The neuromotor pathwayBrain, subcortical structures, spinal cord, muscle activation, muscle deformation, and joints form the feedforward pathway. Assistive technologies connect to brain, spinal cord, muscle, and joints. Muscle and joints send information to sensory feedback, which returns to brain and spinal cord. MuscleBrainSubcortical structuresSpinal cordMuscle activationMuscle deformationJointsSensory feedbackAssistive technologies
Research program

Research Program

Three stages build from foundational research thrusts to cross-signal coupling metrics and, ultimately, predictive and intervention tools.

Stage 1 · Years 0–5 · Current foundation

Four research thrusts

Stage 1 is divided into four research thrusts. Thrusts 1–3 are active areas of current work; Thrust 4 captures the sensory-feedback foundation that informs the broader program.

Stage 1 research thrusts
  • Thrust 1 · Neuromotor disorder biologyCurrent
  • Thrust 2 · Multimodal interfaces for bionic controlCurrent
  • Thrust 3 · Fundamental motor control at the muscle levelCurrent
  • Thrust 4 · Sensory feedback integration
Stage 2 · Years 2–7

Quantify couplings across the pathway

Develop cortico-muscular, electro-mechanical, musculo-kinematic, musculo-sensory, and kinematic-sensory metrics that quantify cross-signal relationships across the full chain and localize impairment.

  • Neuromuscular coupling, cross-correlation, structural models
  • Perturbation and adaptation paradigms
  • Generalization across CP, stroke, SCI, and amputation
Stage 3 · Years 5–10+

Translate metrics into intervention

Use validated metrics to forecast response and support clinician-in-the-loop therapy decisions.

  • Observational data collection during standard care
  • Prediction of treatment response
  • Metric-guided rehabilitation trial
Research and publications

Research & Publications

All Stage 1 thrusts and projects remain visible. Select a project to bring its related publications alongside it; publication-to-project filtering remains available as well.

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Accepted for publication

2 · Accepted peer-reviewed conference papers
C1

Real-time closed-loop control of functional electrical stimulation using ultrasound for kinematic target acquisition

Demonstrates real-time ultrasound-based closed-loop FES control for acquiring kinematic targets.

BioRob 2026 (IEEE) — Accepted
Patwardhan, S., Rubin, N., Bulea, T.C.
Related to 2 projects
C2

Closed-Loop Control of Functional Electrical Stimulation using Ultrasound: Preliminary Feasibility in Individuals with Cerebral Palsy

Presents preliminary feasibility of ultrasound-guided closed-loop FES in individuals with cerebral palsy.

International Conference on NeuroRehabilitation, 2026 — Accepted
Patwardhan, S., Bulea, T.C.
Related to 3 projects

Journal papers

9 · Peer-reviewed journal articles
J1

Invariant Properties of Upper Limb Movement Trajectory Control

Shows that muscle deformation and limb kinematics share conserved trajectory features consistent with minimum-jerk control.

Journal of Neural Engineering, 23(4), 046042, 2026
Patwardhan, S., Schofield, J.S., Joiner, W.M., Sikdar, S.
Related to 2 projects
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J2

Sonomyography accurately captures joint kinematics during volitional and electrically stimulated motion in healthy adults and an individual with cerebral palsy

Validates sonomyography for estimating joint kinematics during voluntary and FES-evoked motion, including in cerebral palsy.

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 23(1), 2026
Patwardhan, S., Rubin, N., Alter, K.E., Damiano, D.L., Bulea, T.C.
Related to 3 projects
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J3

Distributed Wearable Ultrasound Sensors Predict Isometric Ground Reaction Force

Shows that distributed wearable ultrasound measurements can predict isometric ground-reaction force.

Sensors, 24(15), 2024
King, E.L., Patwardhan, S., Bashatah, A., Magee, M., Jones, M.T., Wei, Q., Sikdar, S., Chitnis, P.V.
Related to 1 project
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J4

Wearable Ultrasound System Using Low-Voltage Time Delay Spectrometry for Dynamic Tissue Imaging

Develops a low-voltage, four-channel wearable ultrasound system for safe, real-time dynamic imaging of deep muscle tissue.

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 71(11), 3232–3243, 2024
Bashatah, A., Mukherjee, B., Rima, A., Patwardhan, S., Otto, P., Sutherland, R., King, E.L., Lancaster, B., Aher, A., Gibson, G., De Marzi, L., Taghizadeh, Z., Acuña, S., Chitnis, P.V., Sikdar, S.
Related to 2 projects
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J5

A Sonomyography-Based Muscle Computer Interface for Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury

Demonstrates a sonomyography-based muscle–computer interface for proportional control in people with spinal cord injury.

IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 28(5), 2024
Shenbagam, M., Kamatham, A.T., Vijay, P., Salimath, S., Patwardhan, S., Sikdar, S., Kataria, C., Mukherjee, B.
Related to 2 projects
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J6

Using principles of motor control to analyze performance of human machine interfaces

Applies motor-control principles to quantify and compare human–machine interface performance beyond endpoint accuracy alone.

Scientific Reports, 13(1), 2023
Patwardhan, S., Gladhill, K.A., Joiner, W.M., Schofield, J.S., Lee, B.S., Sikdar, S.
Related to 2 projects
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J7

Relationships between surrogate measures of mechanical and psychophysiological load, patellar tendon adaptations, and neuromuscular performance in NCAA division I men's volleyball athletes

Examines how training-load surrogates relate to patellar-tendon adaptations and neuromuscular performance in collegiate volleyball athletes.

Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5, 2023
Guthrie, B.M., King, E.L., Patwardhan, S., Wei, Q., Sikdar, S., Chitnis, P.V., Jones, M.T.
Related to 1 project
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J8

Proprioceptive Sonomyographic Control: A novel method for intuitive and proportional control of multiple degrees-of-freedom for individuals with upper extremity limb loss

Demonstrates intuitive, proportional, multi-degree-of-freedom control from residual muscle deformation in people with upper-limb loss.

Scientific Reports, 9(1), 2019
Dhawan*, A.S., Mukherjee*, B., Patwardhan*, S., Akhlaghi, N., Diao, G., Levay, G., Holley, R., Joiner, W.M., Harris-Love, M., Sikdar, S. (*equal contribution)
Related to 2 projects
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J9

Dynamics and Perception in the Thermal Grill Illusion

Characterizes how stimulus timing and temperature shape the thermal grill illusion and dynamic thermal perception.

IEEE Transactions on Haptics, 12(4), 2019
Patwardhan, S., Kawazoe, A., Kerr, D., Nakatani, M., Visell, Y.
Related to 1 project
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Published peer-reviewed conference papers

7 · Full conference papers
C3

Tracking Joint Movement with Ultrasound in the Presence of Functional Electrical Stimulation

Shows that ultrasound can track joint movement during FES despite electrical-stimulation artifacts.

International Conference on NeuroRehabilitation, 2024
Patwardhan, S., Alter, K.E., Stowers, J.A., Damiano, D.L., Bulea, T.C.
Related to 3 projects
View publication →
C4

Closed-Loop Shared Proportional Position Control of a Prosthetic Hand Using Sonomyography

Demonstrates shared proportional position control of a prosthetic hand using sonomyographic signals.

BioRob 2024 (IEEE)
Patwardhan, S., Bashatah, A., Joiner, W.M., Schofield, J., Sikdar, S.
Related to 1 project
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C5

Sonomyography shows feasibility as a tool to quantify joint movement at the muscle level

Establishes the feasibility of quantifying joint movement directly from ultrasound-measured muscle deformation.

IEEE ICORR 2022 — Nominated, RehabWeek Poster Award Final 60
Patwardhan, S., Schofield, J., Joiner, W.M., Sikdar, S.
Related to 3 projects
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C6

Volitional Control Of Target Position Using Sonomyography

Demonstrates volitional target-position control using sonomyographic muscle signals.

Assistive Technology, 33(3), 2021 — Runner-up, Student Scientific Paper Competition
Patwardhan, S., Engdahl, S., Mukherjee, B., Bashatah, A., Dhawan, A., Abreu, R., Sikdar, S.
Related to 2 projects
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C7

Sonomyography Combined with Vibrotactile Feedback Enables Precise Target Acquisition Without Visual Feedback

Shows that vibrotactile feedback supports accurate sonomyographic target acquisition without visual feedback.

IEEE EMBC 2020
Patwardhan, S., Mukherjee, B., Dhawan, A., Alzamani, M., Noor, A., Engdahl, S., Joiner, W.M., Sikdar, S.
Related to 4 projects
View publication →
C8

Evaluation of the Role of Proprioception During Proportional Position Control Using Sonomyography: Applications in Prosthetic Control

Tests how proprioception contributes to proportional sonomyographic position control for prosthetic applications.

IEEE ICORR 2019
Patwardhan, S., Dhawan, A.S., Mukherjee, B., Alzamani, M., Joiner, W.M., Sikdar, S.
Related to 4 projects
View publication →
C9

Too hot, too fast! Using the thermal grill illusion to explore dynamic thermal perception

Examines how the timing of thermal stimulation shapes the thermal grill illusion and dynamic thermal perception.

IEEE Haptics Symposium 2018 — Finalist, Best Student Presentation
Patwardhan, S., Kawazoe, A., Kerr, D., Nakatani, M., Visell, Y.
Related to 1 project
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Theses and dissertations

2 · Theses/dissertations
T1

An Investigation of Multi-Sensory Feedback for Prosthetic Control

Integrates multisensory feedback with sonomyographic control to study and improve prosthetic-device operation.

PhD Dissertation, George Mason University, 2023
Patwardhan, S.
Related to 3 projects
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T2

A Thermoelectric Display for Assessment of Touch Sensory Deficits

Develops a thermoelectric display for controlled assessment of touch sensory deficits.

Master's Thesis, UC Santa Barbara, 2017
Patwardhan, S.M.
Related to 1 project
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Complete bibliography

Scientific communication

Talks & Presentations

Invited seminars, conference presentations, thesis talks, workshops, and professional panels.

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Academic contributions

Academic Contributions

Teaching, mentorship, scholarly review, workshop leadership, and service to the research community.

01

Teaching

02

Mentorship

03

Academic Service & Outreach

04

Peer Review

Journals

Conferences and related review activity

05

Workshop Leadership

BioRob 2024
Background

Career Timeline

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Contact

Contact

Open to collaborations, questions, and conversations about movement science, neuromuscular sensing, and rehabilitation technology.